{"id":7607,"date":"2026-06-20T08:49:14","date_gmt":"2026-06-20T08:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/?page_id=7607"},"modified":"2026-06-20T09:20:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T09:20:14","slug":"%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/?page_id=7607","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7607\" class=\"elementor elementor-7607\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true}}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-settings=\"{&quot;collapsible&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;active_hash&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;accordion_animation&quot;:&quot;ui-e-animation-acc-basic&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"uicore-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"ui-e-accordion\" >\n\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item ui-open\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-1\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d9%80%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%80%d9%80%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%80%d9%80%d9%8a\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n             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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0627\u062a                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d9%80%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%80%d9%80%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%80%d9%80%d9%8a\" id=\"ui-e-acc-1\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781946010944_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781946010944_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781946010944_21\">&#8220;last update: 9 Feb. 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781946010944_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1120\/mod_book\/intro\/1%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87%20%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-2\" 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id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945980510_21\">&#8220;last update: 4 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945980510_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1121\/mod_book\/intro\/2%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%89%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><br \/>\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\"><label class=\"sr-only\" for=\"jump-to-activity\">Jump to activity<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-3\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>        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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa\" id=\"ui-e-acc-3\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945967447_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945967447_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945967447_21\">&#8220;last update: 9 Feb. 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945967447_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1123\/mod_book\/intro\/3%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B2%D9%87%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%20%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%81%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><br \/>\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\"><label class=\"sr-only\" for=\"jump-to-activity\">Jump to activity<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-4\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                         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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6\" id=\"ui-e-acc-4\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945954516_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5>&#8220;last update: 9 Feb. 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1124\/mod_book\/intro\/4%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87%20%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-5\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span 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194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9\" id=\"ui-e-acc-5\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945941175_20\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5>&#8220;last update: 8 July 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1125\/mod_book\/intro\/5%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\"><label class=\"sr-only\" for=\"jump-to-activity\">Jump to activity<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-6\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%af%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 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                         <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%af%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84\" id=\"ui-e-acc-6\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945897365_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945897365_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945897365_21\">&#8220;last update: 6 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945897365_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1189\/mod_book\/intro\/6%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%283%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-7\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                <\/span>\n\n                                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-opened\">\n                                        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>          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class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945874697_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945874697_21\">&#8220;last update: 6 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945874697_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1190\/mod_book\/intro\/7%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%87%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%283%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-8\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a9\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                <\/span>\n\n                        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\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a9\" id=\"ui-e-acc-8\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945829578_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945829578_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945829578_21\">&#8220;last update: 6 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945829578_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1192\/mod_book\/intro\/8%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D9%88%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B2%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%87%20%283%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><br \/>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-9\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b6\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                <\/span>\n\n                                                       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href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1194\/mod_book\/intro\/9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6%20%283%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\"><label class=\"sr-only\" for=\"jump-to-activity\">Jump to activity<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-10\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%af\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                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\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%af\" id=\"ui-e-acc-10\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945798601_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945798601_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945798601_21\">&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945798601_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1195\/mod_book\/intro\/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%2810%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\"><label class=\"sr-only\" for=\"jump-to-activity\">Jump to activity<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-11\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>  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\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9\" id=\"ui-e-acc-11\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945774959_20\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5>&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1197\/mod_book\/intro\/11%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%20%284%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-12\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85\" id=\"ui-e-acc-12\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945757503_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945757503_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945757503_21\">&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945757503_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1198\/mod_book\/intro\/12%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%20%284%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-13\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%81-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b0%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%ac\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n               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aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%81-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b0%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%ac\" id=\"ui-e-acc-13\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945729620_21\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781945729620_20\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5>&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1199\/mod_book\/intro\/13%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%284%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-14\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-closed\">\n                                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                <\/span>\n\n                                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon-opened\">\n                                        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\" id=\"ui-e-acc-14\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944419367_20\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5>&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1200\/mod_book\/intro\/14%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87%20%285%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-15\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9\">\n\n       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id=\"ui-e-acc-15\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944404132_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944404132_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944404132_21\">&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944404132_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1201\/mod_book\/intro\/15%20%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\"><label class=\"sr-only\" for=\"jump-to-activity\">Jump to activity<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-16\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" 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22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa\" id=\"ui-e-acc-16\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944381074_23\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944381074_22\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5 id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944381074_21\">&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;<span id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944381074_20\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1202\/mod_book\/intro\/16%20%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87%20%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-item ui-e-item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ui-e-acc-17\" id=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%81%d8%a9\">\n\n                    <h5 class=\"ui-e-accordion-title ui-e-title ui-right\">\n\n                                                    <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-icon ui-e-icon ui-e-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                                <span 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381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                    <\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"ui-e-accordion-title-text ui-e-title-text\" >\n                                                        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629                        <\/span>\n\n                    <\/h5>\n\n                    <div class=\"ui-e-accordion-content ui-e-content\" style=\"display:none;\" aria-labelledby=\"ui-e-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%81%d8%a9\" id=\"ui-e-acc-17\">\n                        <div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944363653_21\" class=\"activity-header\" data-for=\"page-activity-header\">\n<div id=\"intro\" class=\"activity-description\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_18_1_1_1781944363653_20\" class=\"no-overflow\">\n<h5>&#8220;last update: 9 March 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u><a title=\"\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/lms.ehc.gov.eg\/lms\/pluginfile.php\/1203\/mod_book\/intro\/17%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87%20%282%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/u><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chaptersnavigation\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid tertiary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"navitem ms-auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mod_book-chapter\" class=\"box py-3 generalbox book_content\">\n<h3 class=\" ccnMdlHeading\">&#8211; \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"no-overflow\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u062f\/ \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div align=\"right\">\n<table dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" width=\"767\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">1<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f \/ \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">3<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">5<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">.<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">6<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0627\u064e \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f<\/span><\/b><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">10<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\/ \u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f\/ \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"767\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"36\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"258\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><b><span dir=\"LTR\">\/\u0623<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<b><br \/><\/b>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-5 mb-5 activity-navigation\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"float-left ui_kit_btn\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mdl-align\">\n<div class=\"urlselect\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8220;last update: 9 Feb. 2025&#8221;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7607","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7607"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7616,"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7607\/revisions\/7616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gothi.gov.eg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}